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July 22, 2021
Uncategorized

諾貝爾化學獎揭曉 美法兩位女性科學家獲獎

諾貝爾委員會美東時間7日早上5時45分公布化學獎得主,由法國學者艾曼紐爾•夏本提爾(Emmanuelle Charpentier)和美國學者珍妮佛•道納(Jennifer A. Doudna)兩位女性科學家獲得,表彰兩人在「開發基因組編輯新方法」的貢獻。

現年51歲的夏本提爾與56歲的道納,分別是第六與七位獲得諾貝爾化學獎的女性。她們加入包括1911年首位獲諾貝爾化學獎的瑪里.居禮(居禮夫人)等女性得主的行列,上次化學獎頒給女性是在2018年,表彰美國化學工程師阿諾德(Frances Arnold)對酵素定向演化的研究。

夏本提爾在研究一種常見的有害細菌時,發現了先前從未得知的分子,這是這種細菌先天免疫系統的一部分,能藉由切割病毒部分的DNA使它們變得無害。2011年她發表研究後與道納合作,重建這種細菌的基因剪刀(Genetic Scissors),並簡化這個工具,如此更便於使用及運用在其他的基因素材。當時他們對基因剪刀重編碼,以便在預定位置切割任何DNA分子,因此為科學家重寫被剪斷DNA的生命密碼開創新猷。

這項CRISPR-Cas9基因編輯技術已用於大幅提高農作物的抵抗力,改變農作物的遺傳密碼,得以更完善抵抗旱災和蟲害。這項技術也催生創新的癌症療法,許多專家並希望有一天能藉由操縱基因的方式讓遺傳性疾病可以治癒。

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